RESTORATION of NEUROLOGICAL and CELL SIGNALLING

Becker showed the importance of voltage and polarity in neurological function and regeneration. Most electrotherapy devices deliver low voltage with constant current and do not allow any control over voltage or polarity. DynaWave technology offers total clinical control over both voltage and polarity.

A rapid rise time of the high voltage pulse is critical for charging the cell’s lipid bilayer membrane, to efficiently modifying cell membrane voltage. Let’s look at the effects of just changing the membrane voltage in the post synaptic neuron:

• Hyperpolarizing the neuron acts similar to an inhibitory neurotransmitter; it makes the nerve less responsive and the generation of nerve impulses more difficult.
• Positive Polarity – acts like an inhibitory neurotransmitter, hyperpolarizes postsynaptic neuron

• Depolarizing the neuron acts similar to an excitatory neurotransmitter; it brings the membrane potential closer to threshold and makes it more responsive.
• Negative Polarity –acts like an excitatory neurotransmitter, depolarizes postsynaptic neuron

Gavrilov, showed that ultrasound is capable of activating both superficial and deep peripheral nerves in humans.  Using precisely modulated ultrasound produces transient changes in lipid bilayer tension, effecting mechanosensitive properties in voltage-gated ion channels, as well as neurotransmitter receptors; changing both gating kinetics to calcium and synaptic efficiency.  

 Hyperpolarizing or depolarizing cell membranes selectively opens or closes voltage-gated channels, adjusting cytosolic calcium. Since calcium and the electrical state of the cell play a major role in its reaction to signaling, these changes can modify the cell’s response to both electrical and chemical messengers.

Adjusting cytosolic calcium - new opportunities for therapeutic effects.

• Calcium acts as a primary messenger in cell signaling, and since it is an important secondary messenger in ligand-gated signaling, it even affects the cellular response to hormones.
• Calcium is critical for the release of bound ATP and upregulating cell function. It initiates cell functions as diverse as endocytosis (the removal of oxidized cross linked proteins in the cell which contribute to cellular aging and disrupt mitochondrial function) to apoptosis (or the naturally programmed cell death that protects cells from cancer). 
• Calcium plays a regulatory role in inducing NO nitric oxide (or endothelial relaxing factor); explaining the hours of vasodilation and blood flow from just minutes of pulsed voltage

McCaig and Rajnicek have shown that pulsed negative polarity stimulates nerve growth and neurological regeneration; while Muorad, demonstrated nerve regeneration with 2.25 MHz ultrasound. The ability to adjust membrane voltage, polarize or depolarize cell membranes, open or close voltage-gated channels and modify cytosolic calcium makes the SmartSound clinically effective for neuromodulation.

Bikson, showed that low energy pulses on isolated neurons can lead to significant changes in network dynamics through nonlinear amplification mechanisms. The induction of plastic changes in neurological signaling underlies the persistent effects observed after repeated treatment with pulsed ultrasound and pulsed voltage.